The howitzer is aligned based off their work with the aiming circle. A gun is "traversed" (rotated in a horizontal plane) to align it with the target, and "elevated" (moved in the vertical plane) to range it to the target. "They can learn from a subject matter expert the safe way to do things so when they come to the field, or if there is an incident, they can understand and know what went wrong," he said. However, various aids emerged. His 2.5-inch rapid-firing gun was also equipped with a screw breech, a self-cocking firing mechanism and it fired a fixed round (shell and cartridge case together). This training allows them to step out of the office and relearn, hands on, what "right" looks like, he said. Increasingly sophisticated mechanical calculators were employed for proper gun laying, typically with various spotters and distance measures being sent to a central plotting station deep within the ship. Copy link. US M2 Aiming Circle Level Compass Aim MG Mortar Artillery Sight Survey Topograph Optical sights appeared in the first years of the 20th century, and the German Goerz panoramic sight became the pattern for the rest of the 20th century. With indirect fire, it may allow for other variables as well. They were typically little more than bare barrels moved in wagons and placed on the ground for firing, then wooden frames and beds were introduced. The British Wilson-Dalby gun director used a pair of trackers and mechanical tachymetry; the operator entered the fuse length, and deflection angles were read from the instruments.v, In 1925 the British adopted a new instrument developed by Vickers. These were installed on QF 4.7-inch Gun Mk I–IV quick firing gun from 1887. Info. 1st Class Michael Guilin demonstrated how to set up the aiming circle, a device that helps artillery Soldiers point the howitzer in the correct direction. By the late 19th century the simple open tangent sights were being replaced by optical telescopes on mounts with an elevation scale and screw aligned to the axis of the bore.[9]. The barrel recoil was absorbed by hydraulic cylinders and then the barrel was returned to its firing position by a spring that had stored some of the recoil energy. These mounts could be cross-leveled, which removed the need for the gun commander to calculate a deflection correction for uneven wheels. Pollen continued his work, with tests carried out on Royal Navy warships intermittently. Artillery Mode. FORT SILL, Okla. (Oct. 1, 2015) -- Senior officers and noncommissioned officers gathered on a small field off Sheridan Road for refresher training on the howitzer, Sept. 21 and 22. go to artillery go to fire arms go to night vision, thermal, swir go to surveillanse; armored vehicles Brown said without proper refresher training, the tasks can be difficult to perform, especially for officers who often have other duties to take care of the unit. 69 NKOP & KMZ Artillery Aiming Circle "PAB-2" (1963) USSR. Tank sights were of two general types. These devices were subsequently replaced by ring laser gyros. Pollen began working on the problem after noting the poor accuracy of naval artillery at a gunnery practice near Malta in 1900. What was needed were range and accuracy trials to determine the actual relationship between range and elevation angle. All guns have carriages or mountings that support the barrel assembly (called the ordnance in some countries). Functionality: very good condition, fully functional - the lenses of the lens and the viewfinder are clean, the viewfinder's visibility is good - without distortion, the focusing work is smooth and pleasant. 1817 G.A. This required ways to measure elevation angles and know the relationship between the elevation angle and the range. If the rounds missed, an observer could work out how far they missed by and in which direction, and this information could be fed back into the computer along with any changes in the rest of the information and another shot attempted. With direct fire, laying in the horizontal plane is merely the line of sight to the target, although the layer may make allowance for the wind, and with rifled guns the sights may compensate for projectile "drift". 28316 / O.S. [20] Trials were carried out in 1905 and 1906, which although completely unsuccessful showed promise. Goertz in Germany and Levallois in France produced 5 metres (16 ft) instruments.[21]. [6], A problem affecting gun laying, was the tapered external barrel shape. For better accuracy, wait for the aiming circle to shrink. Those who fail can retest the following Friday. Side Angle Side. Shopping. During the 1970s tanks started being fitted with digital computers. From there they use three known points to change the aiming circle's orientation from magnetic north to grid north to fire on a target. Their targets moved in two dimensions, and the gun had to be aimed at the target's future position. With the adoption of recoil systems for field artillery, it became normal to pivot the saddle on the lower carriage, initially this "top traverse" was only a few degrees but soon offered a full circle, particularly for anti-aircraft guns. This meant that different guns needed a different elevation angle for the same range. However, for artillery another instrument, called either a director (United Kingdom) or aiming circle (United States), became widespread and eventually the primary method of orienting guns in most if not all armies. In a similar fashion, our “Aiming Circle ” delivers to writing professionals insights and information on how they can target their work, improve their sales, and expand their audience reach. By the early 1900s the open sight was sometimes replaced by a telescope and the term goniometer had replaced "lining-plane" in English. Mar 31, 2017 - Explore James D. Shepard Info's board "Howitzer" on Pinterest. kəl] (engineering) An instrument for measuring angles in azimuth and elevation in connection with artillery firing and general topographic work; equipped with fine and coarse azimuth micrometers and a magnetic needle. It is ideally suited for field artillery units, because many units can be placed on common directional control in minutes. It measured the distance to the target and the elevation angle, which together gave the height of the aircraft. Unlike the German Foot Artillery Aiming Circle the compass is not detachable. The aiming circle is just a basic survey device used to determine magnetic direction very accurately. On the second day the Soldiers went to step two, where they position the howitzer for a dry fire. Gun laying has sometimes been called "training the gun". The problem was the lack of an azimuth instrument to enable it; clinometers for elevation already existed. Wide traverse was also useful on some shipmounted guns. "We do this so the guns will be accurate," said Sgt. However, ships had a complication compared to land based guns: they were firing from a moving platform. Laying required sights. This led to the Height/Range Finder (HRF), the first model being the Barr & Stroud UB2, a 2-metre optical coincident rangefinder mounted on a tripod. The earliest guns were loaded from the muzzle. These were passed electrically to the guns where they were displayed on repeater dials to the layers who 'matched pointers' (target data and the gun's actual data) to lay the guns. The issue was finally resolved by the introduction of digital computers in the battery command post that calculated the correct elevation angle for the range and muzzle velocity accurately and quickly. The director was high up over the ship where operators had a superior view over any gunlayer in the turrets. One solution was platform and slide mountings. [18] Arthur Pollen and Frederic Charles Dreyer independently developed the first such systems. The periscopic artillery aiming circle can be used at the observation point of the fire position, as well as for topographic works at daytime and under low visibility conditions (dusk), using illumination for the scales of aiming circle, the monocular and the long range measuring rod. It also means the elevation gear has to be strong enough to resist considerable downward pressure but still be easy for the gun layer to use. Staff Sgt. This led to compact carriages, mostly on four small wheels. These provided the rear sight used with an 'acorn' or similar foresight at the muzzle. 69 NKOP & KMZ Artillery Aiming Circle "PAB-2" (1963) USSR. The first incontrovertible, documented use of indirect fire in war using Guk's methods, albeit without lining-plane sights was on 26 October 1899 by British gunners during the Second Boer War. However, in the 1990s new or modified guns started adopting digital sights, following their successful use in the multi-launch rocket system developed in the 1970s. Until recoil systems were invented in the late 19th century and integrated into the gun carriage or mount, guns moved substantially backwards when they fired, and had to be moved forward before they could be laid. This alignment is in the horizontal and vertical planes. It is the primary instrument used to orient the howitzers onto the azimuth of fire. Traditionally, once the aiming and the firing have happened, a third component, observing, is implemented. It may be laying for direct fire, where the gun is aimed similarly to a rifle, or indirect fire, where firing data is calculated and applied to the sights. The HRF was soon joined by the Height/Fuze Indicator (HFI), this was marked with elevation angles and height lines overlaid with fuze length curves, using the height reported by the HRF operator, the necessary fuse length could be read off. This improved aiming and larger optical rangefinders improved the estimate of the enemy's position at the time of firing. The operating instructions in this manual apply to the M2 and M2A2 Aiming Circle. With indirect fire the horizontal angle is relative to something, typically the gun's aiming point, although with modern electronic sights it may be a north-seeking gyro. Telescopic sights for tanks were adopted before World War II, and these sights usually had a means of aiming off for target movement and graticules marked for different ranges. The first was to attach the gun to the pendulum, and measure the recoil. At its simplest, this means nothing more than aiming the guns in the right direction. Below 45 degrees the trajectory is called "low angle" (or lower register), above 45 degrees is "high angle" (or upper register). The periscopic artillery aiming circle can be used at the observation point of the fire position, as well as for topographic works at daytime and under low visibility conditions (dusk), using illumination for the scales of aiming circle, the monocular and the long range measuring rod. Artillery mode is available to SPGs only, and allows you to see the map from above and make long-range shots. The addition of director control facilitated a full, practicable fire control system for World War I ships, and most RN capital ships were so fitted by mid 1916. "Basically it's like if your GPS fails, you know how to read a map," said Walker. The gun's barrel slid back on rollers, pushing a piston into an oil-filled cylinder. He was encouraged in his efforts by the rapidly rising figure of Admiral Jackie Fisher, Admiral Arthur Knyvet Wilson and the Director of Naval Ordnance and Torpedoes (DNO), John Jellicoe. This system of repeater electrical dials built on the arrangements introduced by British coast artillery in the 1880s, and coast artillery was the background of many AA officers. 1893 Sight Mount for the non-Panoramic (0-5760 & 0-6400 sight) 21cm Foot Artillery Panoramic Sight (0-5760) Or during laying the gunner physically set the range to offset the axis of the bore from the axis of the sight by the correct amount and laid using the centre mark in the sight. 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